Club career
Barrios began his youth career in Real Madrid before moving to their city rivals, Atlético Madrid, in 2017. He became a central part of the club's under-19 team in the 2021–22 season, which reached the semi-finals in the UEFA Youth League for the first time in the club's history.
On 3 March 2022, Barrios signed his first professional contract with Atleti, keeping him until 2025. In the 2022–23 season, he advanced to playing for the reserve team, but was soon called up to the first team, making his professional La Liga debut on 29 October as a second half substitute to Geoffrey Kondogbia in a 3–2 away loss against Cádiz CF.
Barrios scored his first goal for Atleti on 22 December 2022, netting his team's second in a 3–1 away victory against CD Arenteiro, for the season's Copa del Rey. His first professional goal came on 4 January 2023, as he scored the second of Atlético's 2–0 victory at Oviedo in the same tournament.
On 25 January 2023, Barrios renewed his contract until 2028, and was officially promoted to the main squad, being assigned the number 24 jersey. After the departure of fellow Atleti youth product Saúl in the 2024–25 season, he was given his number 8 jersey, and further consolidated his position as a starter in Diego Simeone's squad.


La Liga
Champions League